Metal-organic framework-based nanomaterials as opto-electrochemical sensors for the detection of antibiotics and hormones: A review

• Akeem Adeyemi Oladipo,
• Saba Derakhshan Oskouei and
• Mustafa Gazi

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 631–673, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.52

Liquid phase exfoliation of talc: effect of the medium on flake size and shape

• Samuel M. Sousa,
• Helane L. O. Morais,
• Joyce C. C. Santos,
• Ana Paula M. Barboza,
• Bernardo R. A. Neves,
• Elisângela S. Pinto and
• Mariana C. Prado

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 68–78, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.8

• ). Regarding this, it is imperative to characterize the obtained materials to tailor parameters such as exfoliation medium, duration, and mechanical energy source to the desired applications. This work presents results of statistical analyses of talc flakes obtained by LPE in four different media. Talc is a

• challenge that needs to be addressed to integrate 2D materials into industrial applications. One approach to producing large quantities of few-layer flakes of a broad range of exfoliatable materials is liquid-phase exfoliation (LPE) [2][3][4][5]. This method relies on mechanical energy to exfoliate

• materials in an appropriate liquid medium. To exfoliate a material of interest, it must be reduced to a fine powder and mixed with a liquid that serves as an exfoliation medium. The solution is exposed to a mechanical energy source that leads to the delamination of the material, resulting in a suspension of

Antibacterial activity of a berberine nanoformulation

• Hue Thi Nguyen,
• Tuyet Nhung Pham,
• Anh-Tuan Le,
• Nguyen Thanh Thuy,
• Tran Quang Huy and
• Thuy Thi Thu Nguyen

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 641–652, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.56

• ], glycerol, a safe substance in pharmaceutical applications, was used to dissolve BBR in this study. Sonication provided mechanical energy to improve the dispersion of the nanosized BBR crystals. Homogeneous BBR NPs were produced with a size of 156 nm under a certain sonication conditions. The solubility of

The effect of metal surface nanomorphology on the output performance of a TENG

• Yiru Wang,
• Xin Zhao,
• Yang Liu and
• Wenjun Zhou

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 298–312, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.25

• can replace non-renewable resources such as coal and oil [3]. In order to convert mechanical energy into electrical energy, various methods were developed, such as electromagnetic generators [4][5][6], piezoelectric materials [7][8][9][10], and pyroelectric materials [11][12]. The underlying

• principles of TENGs converting mechanical energy into electrical energy are the friction electrification effect and the electrostatic induction principle. When two materials with different electronegativity are physically contacted, positive and negative electrostatic charges are generated on each material

Alteration of nanomechanical properties of pancreatic cancer cells through anticancer drug treatment revealed by atomic force microscopy

• Xiaoteng Liang,
• Shuai Liu,
• Xiuchao Wang,
• Dan Xia and
• Qiang Li

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 1372–1379, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.101

• mechanical energy during each trace–retrace cycle. The hysteresis in the force–distance curves between different types of cells indicates the energy dissipation. The dissipated energy can be calculated by the following formula, where W is the total amount of energy dissipation, and its value in the force

Enhancement of the piezoelectric coefficient in PVDF-TrFe/CoFe₂O₄ nanocomposites through DC magnetic poling

• Marco Fortunato,
• Alessio Tamburrano,
• Maria Paola Bracciale,
• Maria Laura Santarelli and
• Maria Sabrina Sarto

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 1262–1270, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.93

• poling; piezoelectric effect; piezoresponse force microscopy (PFM); poly(vinylidene fluoride-co-trifluoroethylene); PVDF-TrFe; PVDF-TrFe nanocomposites; Introduction In the last years, innovative energy harvesting systems based on the piezoelectric effect, able to convert vibrational mechanical energy

Comprehensive review on ultrasound-responsive theranostic nanomaterials: mechanisms, structures and medical applications

• Sepand Tehrani Fateh,
• Lida Moradi,
• Elmira Kohan,
• Michael R. Hamblin and
• Amin Shiralizadeh Dezfuli

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 808–862, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.64

Nanogenerator-based self-powered sensors for data collection

• Yicheng Shao,
• Maoliang Shen,
• Yuankai Zhou,
• Xin Cui,
• Lijie Li and
• Yan Zhang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 680–693, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.54

• /touch sensor based on PENGs/TENGs, which combined with back-end ML technology, can help disabled people to live and communicate normally. Self-powered motion sensors can also collect the weak mechanical energy generated in other physiological activities of the human body, such as heartbeat, breathing

• with good biocompatibility can used for implantable self-powered physiological sensors. The sensors can be powered by the mechanical energy from the biological activity of the organism, and provide physiological data. An implantable heart monitoring sensor based on a TENG can work stably for a long

• physiological activities. An important indicator of human health is the composition of body fluids. The large amount of mechanical energy generated by the human body can also be used to drive a self-powered body fluid sensor to collect body fluid data [31][32][33][34][35][36][37][38]. In addition to the real

Simulation of gas sensing with a triboelectric nanogenerator

• Kaiqin Zhao,
• Hua Gan,
• Huan Li,
• Ziyu Liu and
• Zhiyuan Zhu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 507–516, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.41

• can also be used as sensors [22]. TENGs, originally proposed by Prof. Zhongling Wang [23], are microgenerators that convert mechanical energy into electrical energy based on the triboelectric effect [24]. In most TENG simulations, a triboelectric polymer material is in direct contact with an electrode

A stretchable triboelectric nanogenerator made of silver-coated glass microspheres for human motion energy harvesting and self-powered sensing applications

• Hui Li,
• Yaju Zhang,
• Yonghui Wu,
• Hui Zhao,
• Weichao Wang,
• Xu He and
• Haiwu Zheng

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 402–412, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.32

• and 9.5 μA, respectively. The S-TENG with good stretchability (300%) can be produced in different shapes and placed on various parts of the body to harvest mechanical energy for charging capacitors and powering LED lights or scientific calculators. In addition, the good robustness of the S-TENG

• energy [7], solar energy [8], thermal energy [9], electromagnetic energy [10], and mechanical energy [11], among which mechanical energy is created almost everywhere. Mechanical energy has many obvious advantages over other energy forms, such as high energy density, wide distribution, and simple

• acquisition. Regarding this, it is desirable to develop wearable devices that convert mechanical energy from human body motion into electricity [12]. Triboelectric nanogenerators (TENGs), with a wide range of material choices and simple device structures, capture the energy of human motion in real time [13

Paper-based triboelectric nanogenerators and their applications: a review

• Jing Han,
• Nuo Xu,
• Yuchen Liang,
• Mei Ding,
• Junyi Zhai,
• Qijun Sun and
• Zhong Lin Wang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 151–171, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.12

• induction and triboelectrification [28], the novel TENG can utilize the Maxwell’s displacement current to readily drive electrons to flow through an external circuit and power portable electronic devices. To harvest the ubiquitous mechanical energy from its surroundings, TENGs need to have a simple device

• design and to be low cost and lightweight. TENGs have also shown the pivotal ability to convert low-frequency mechanical energy from walking, waving, and eye-blinking into electricity. TENGs can readily serve as a sustainable power supply based on four basic operation modes [29], including vertical

• pattering process results in porous MCG structures (with pore sizes ranging from hundreds of nanometers to several microns), which can be used in various applications, such as mechanical energy harvesting devices, chemical sensors, and electrochemical supercapacitors. Screen printing is a facile, efficient

A self-powered, flexible ultra-thin Si/ZnO nanowire photodetector as full-spectrum optical sensor and pyroelectric nanogenerator

• Liang Chen,
• Jianqi Dong,
• Miao He and
• Xingfu Wang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1623–1630, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.145

• harvesting energy from the working environment instead of a battery. Comparing with another emerging nanogenerators (triboelectric nanogenerators) [19][20], the PENGs benefit from not requiring external mechanical energy and can make full use of the energy in their own environment. This self-powered system

Walking energy harvesting and self-powered tracking system based on triboelectric nanogenerators

• Mingliang Yao,
• Guangzhong Xie,
• Qichen Gong and
• Yuanjie Su

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1590–1595, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.141

• flexible, feasible, and unaffected by season, climate, or location. This work not only proposes a strategy for mechanical energy harvesting in public areas, including subway stations, hospitals, shopping malls, and business streets, but also offers a novel solution for smart cities and low-carbon

• transportation alternatives. Keywords: harvesting walking energy; internet of things; mechanical energy; pedestrian flow area; self-powered tracking system; triboelectric nanogenerator; Introduction With the fast progress in urbanization and commercialization, energy acquisition for powering wearable

• electronics [1][2][3][4][5] and wireless sensor networks is in high demand. Mechanical energy, which is widely distributed in the environment, is one of the most general power sources. The human body is a rich source of mechanical energy [6]. Muscle stretching, for example, converts biochemical energy into

Triboelectric nanogenerator based on Teflon/vitamin B1 powder for self-powered humidity sensing

• Liangyi Zhang,
• Huan Li,
• Yiyuan Xie,
• Jing Guo and
• Zhiyuan Zhu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1394–1401, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.123

• various forms of mechanical energy input into electrical energy. In the present study, a novel Teflon/vitamin B1 powder based triboelectric nanogenerator (TVB-TENG) is proposed. Paper is utilized as a supporting platform for triboelectrification between a commercial Teflon tape and vitamin B1 powder. The

• significant impact on the advancement of wearable electronics, intelligent robots, and the IoT [22][23][24][25][26][27][28]. Presently, TENGs are used to harvest various forms of mechanical energy from the surrounding environment, such as acoustic energy, wind, vibrations and human motion [29][30][31][32][33

Wet-spinning of magneto-responsive helical chitosan microfibers

• Dorothea Brüggemann,
• Johanna Michel,
• Naiana Suter,
• Matheus Grande de Aguiar and
• Michael Maas

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 991–999, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.83

• to the macroscale. Due to their ability to store mechanical energy and to optimize the accessible surface area, helical shapes contribute particularly to motion-driven processes and structural reinforcement. Due to these special features, helical fibers have become highly attractive for

• [1], the nanoscopic flagella in bacteria [2], the spiral shape of some bacteria (e.g., Helicobacter pylori) [3], the chiral seed pods [4], and the macroscopic tendrils of climbing plants [5][6]. With their ability to store mechanical energy and to optimize the accessible surface area of a biological

Review of advanced sensor devices employing nanoarchitectonics concepts

• Katsuhiko Ariga,
• Tatsuyuki Makita,
• Masato Ito,
• Taizo Mori,
• Shun Watanabe and
• Jun Takeya

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 2014–2030, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.198

• could be applicable for demands requiring the evaluation of small normal pressures even on dynamic surfaces such as natural tissues and is expected to be useful for in situ biomedical digital monitoring, such as palpation for breast cancer. Triboelectric nanogenerators to convert mechanical energy to

Effects of surface charge and boundary slip on time-periodic pressure-driven flow and electrokinetic energy conversion in a nanotube

• Mandula Buren,
• Yongjun Jian,
• Yingchun Zhao,
• Long Chang and
• Quansheng Liu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 1628–1635, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.158

• in the nearby electrolyte solution. The flow of electrolyte solution actuated by the pressure field generates both a streaming current and a streaming potential. The streaming current in a nanochannel can offer a simple and effective way to convert the mechanical energy to electric energy [4]. The

• is the complex electric field amplitude in which the electroviscous effect is not considered. The dimensionless flow rate normalized by a2uref is given by Energy conversion efficiency The mechanical energy of the pure pressure-driven flow is converted into electric energy [6] when the streaming

• electrokinetic energy conversion efficiency. This is because the boundary slip increases the fluid velocity and the transportation of ions in the EDL, increasing the streaming electric field. Hence, the ratio of electric energy to mechanical energy, namely, the electrokinetic energy conversion efficiency is

Upcycling of polyurethane waste by mechanochemistry: synthesis of N-doped porous carbon materials for supercapacitor applications

• Christina Schneidermann,
• Pascal Otto,
• Desirée Leistenschneider,
• Sven Grätz,
• Claudia Eßbach and
• Lars Borchardt

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 1618–1627, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.157

• inorganic chemistry [59][60][61][62]. Mechanochemical reactions are initiated and controlled by mechanical energy, for example provided by the collisions of milling balls in high-energy ball mills. The advantages of mechanochemistry are obvious. Syntheses can be conducted without solvents [63][64], and

Review of time-resolved non-contact electrostatic force microscopy techniques with applications to ionic transport measurements

• Aaron Mascaro,
• Yoichi Miyahara,
• Tyler Enright,
• Omur E. Dagdeviren and
• Peter Grütter

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 617–633, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.62

• perturbation to the overall mechanical energy of the cantilever oscillation. This condition is fulfilled for a periodic voltage pulse with its frequency, fV, away from any of the mechanical resonances of the cantilever (fV < fi+1 and fV ¿ fi where fi is the i-th mechanical eigenfrequency of the cantilever

• ). This is due to the large quality factor enhancement present on resonance, which would lead to a significant contribution to the total mechanical energy from even a small voltage (and thus field) applied near resonance, invalidating the perturbation approach to derive Equation 8. Validation measurement

Surface energy of nanoparticles – influence of particle size and structure

• Dieter Vollath,
• Franz Dieter Fischer and
• David Holec

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 2265–2276, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.211

• into a term depending on the binding in the solid (“chemical contribution”), γbond, and into a minor term caused by the stress state due to the surface stress (“mechanical contribution”), γmech, as The contribution of the mechanical energy to the surface energy is, compared to the chemical contribution

Nonlinear effect of carrier drift on the performance of an n-type ZnO nanowire nanogenerator by coupling piezoelectric effect and semiconduction

• Yuxing Liang,
• Shuaiqi Fan,
• Xuedong Chen and
• Yuantai Hu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 1917–1925, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.183

• nanowire bent when an atomic force microscopy tip scans over the top of the nanowire. The electromechanical coupling converts mechanical energy into electric energy [28][29]. A piezoelectric potential is built inside the nanowire with the stretched side being positively charged and the compressed side

Bioinspired self-healing materials: lessons from nature

• Joseph C. Cremaldi and
• Bharat Bhushan

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 907–935, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.85

• extension – Every animal uses muscle to convert chemical energy into mechanical energy. Types of muscle include skeletal, smooth (striated), and cardiac muscle, which only exists in vertebrates. These divisions are based on characteristics of a muscle’s usage/location, involuntary/voluntary control, and

Velocity dependence of sliding friction on a crystalline surface

• Christian Apostoli,
• Giovanni Giusti,
• Jacopo Ciccoianni,
• Gabriele Riva,
• Rosario Capozza,
• Rosalie Laure Woulaché,
• Andrea Vanossi,
• Emanuele Panizon and
• Nicola Manini

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 2186–2199, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.218

• , the slider mechanical energy is converted into crystal vibrational energy without any artificial viscous damping term affecting the slider itself. Of course, without any mechanism for dissipating this vibrational energy, the elastic substrate would eventually heat up as discussed above. For this

Metal hydrides: an innovative and challenging conversion reaction anode for lithium-ion batteries

• Luc Aymard,
• Yassine Oumellal and
• Jean-Pierre Bonnet

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 1821–1839, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.186

• d(002) drastically increases (step B). Firstly, The mechanical energy transferred to the carbon produces an exfoliation of the graphene layer. Then, the cumulated mechanical energy coming from the grinding is sufficient to promote fissure propagation within the graphene layer, resulting in the

Synthesis of boron nitride nanotubes and their applications

• Saban Kalay,
• Zehra Yilmaz,
• Ozlem Sen,
• Melis Emanet,
• Emine Kazanc and
• Mustafa Çulha

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 84–102, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.9

• transfers a high amount of mechanical energy to the boron powder, which results in an increased surface area and increased number of contact points among the catalyst, boron and nitrogen precursors, resulting in improved yield and product quality [31]. The structural changes in the boron compounds in the